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<title>Postsches Korrespondenzproblem</title>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Postsches Korrespondenzproblem</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Postsche Korrespondenzproblem</b> (nach <a href="Emil_Leon_Post" title="Emil Leon Post">Emil Leon Post</a>, abgekürzt auch <b>PKP</b> oder englisch <b>PCP</b>) ist ein Beispiel für ein <a href="Entscheidbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Entscheidbar">unentscheidbares</a> <a href="Problem" title="Problem">Problem</a> in der <a href="Theoretische_Informatik" title="Theoretische Informatik">Theoretischen Informatik</a>.
Es wird häufig verwendet, um mittels <a href="Reduktion_(Theoretische_Informatik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduktion (Theoretische Informatik)">Reduktion</a> die Unentscheidbarkeit anderer Probleme zu zeigen.
</p><p>Gegeben ist eine endliche Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> von Paaren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left((x_{1},y_{1}),(x_{2},y_{2}),\ldots ,(x_{m},y_{m})\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left((x_{1},y_{1}),(x_{2},y_{2}),\ldots ,(x_{m},y_{m})\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25af7694ab373002b585db7ecbc1d2bdff59d2cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.525ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left((x_{1},y_{1}),(x_{2},y_{2}),\ldots ,(x_{m},y_{m})\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> von nicht-leeren Wörtern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{m},y_{1},y_{2},\ldots ,y_{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{m},y_{1},y_{2},\ldots ,y_{m}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dab4e90755a0f426a65c7177a24944b70687971.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.432ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{m},y_{1},y_{2},\ldots ,y_{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> über einem endlichen Alphabet. Man nennt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> auch einen <b>Problemfall</b> oder eine <b>Instanz</b>.
</p><p>Eine nicht-leere Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=i_{1},i_{2},\ldots ,i_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I=i_{1},i_{2},\ldots ,i_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0dfb87e3f392e667798327c40e09eb109c298f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.217ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=i_{1},i_{2},\ldots ,i_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> von Indizes aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,m\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,m\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/977f1deaf1c5c37fb48c6e8786538316dcd43c7d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.902ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,m\}}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt eine <b>Lösung</b> zum Problemfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls die <a href="Konkatenation_(Wort)" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkatenation (Wort)">Konkatenation</a> (Verkettung) der Wörter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i_{1}},x_{i_{2}},\ldots ,x_{i_{n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i_{1}},x_{i_{2}},\ldots ,x_{i_{n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4490ecf65630686b64a482f8d51bfbe12746b77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.228ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i_{1}},x_{i_{2}},\ldots ,x_{i_{n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich der Konkatenation der Wörter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{i_{1}},y_{i_{2}},\ldots ,y_{i_{n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{i_{1}},y_{i_{2}},\ldots ,y_{i_{n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da85f1012ceff9a2350fb48bfbb72003d9b71b2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.657ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{i_{1}},y_{i_{2}},\ldots ,y_{i_{n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Das Korrespondenzproblem ist dann die Aufgabe, zu einem beliebigen Problemfall anzugeben, ob er eine Lösung besitzt oder nicht. Das Korrespondenzproblem ist <a href="Entscheidbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Entscheidbar">unentscheidbar</a>, das heißt, es gibt keinen Algorithmus, der zu jedem beliebigen Problemfall die richtige Antwort gibt.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anschauliche_Darstellung">Anschauliche Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Die Wortpaare <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6dbb919b91ccacf17ed47898048428a1baf9703.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Problemfalls kann man sich gut wie Dominosteine vorstellen, bei denen auf der einen Hälfte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und auf der anderen Hälfte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67d30d30b6c2dbe4d6f150d699de040937ecc95f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> steht. Es gibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> Arten von Dominosteinen und von jeder Art stehen beliebig viele Dominosteine zur Verfügung.
</p><p>Das Korrespondenzproblem lässt sich nun also wie folgt verstehen: <i>Gibt es eine Folge von Dominosteinen, so dass die Wörter auf der oberen Hälfte der Dominosteine (von links nach rechts gelesen) dasselbe Wort ergeben wie die (von links nach rechts gelesenen) Wörter aus der unteren Hälfte der zusammengelegten Dominosteine?</i>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Gegeben:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left((1,101),(10,00),(011,11)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>101</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>00</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>011</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left((1,101),(10,00),(011,11)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e98cef4296623cd1cc237312928a17cd5bddf8b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.164ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left((1,101),(10,00),(011,11)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.x_{1}=1\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.x_{1}=1\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa02168f9e3d85c3f1f4665652e0e9b2a4b3c51c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.292ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.x_{1}=1\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.x_{2}=10\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.x_{2}=10\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fb7af36d5d258d05dc1a624d9c6e648a869ca54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.454ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.x_{2}=10\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.x_{3}=011\right.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>011</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.x_{3}=011\right.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91df5b889a8b17f600942a9f0c32572c1efa30d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.97ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.x_{3}=011\right.}" loading="lazy"></span><br>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.y_{1}=101\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>101</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.y_{1}=101\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5175d6b4a2e88196934f6c2c13ccc016673d20e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.426ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.y_{1}=101\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.y_{2}=00\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>00</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.y_{2}=00\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b963bcdf57e13068720e4e2bd3ffa6a605a8ce18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.264ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.y_{2}=00\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.y_{3}=11\right.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.y_{3}=11\right.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65699afbf8d8e835c7a91bf11007fc7eb5c8f348.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.617ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.y_{3}=11\right.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Lösung:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{1}=(1,3,2,3)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{1}=(1,3,2,3)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ccfbddfec2e01bdf49a9ceaa41cd46eb733d7a28.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.737ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{1}=(1,3,2,3)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Es gilt: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}\cdot x_{3}\cdot x_{2}\cdot x_{3}=1\cdot 011\cdot 10\cdot 011=101110011=101\cdot 11\cdot 00\cdot 11=y_{1}\cdot y_{3}\cdot y_{2}\cdot y_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>011</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>011</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>101110011</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>101</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>00</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}\cdot x_{3}\cdot x_{2}\cdot x_{3}=1\cdot 011\cdot 10\cdot 011=101110011=101\cdot 11\cdot 00\cdot 11=y_{1}\cdot y_{3}\cdot y_{2}\cdot y_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77d194b62637dd5b95cc93ad782641b4a28227a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:82.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}\cdot x_{3}\cdot x_{2}\cdot x_{3}=1\cdot 011\cdot 10\cdot 011=101110011=101\cdot 11\cdot 00\cdot 11=y_{1}\cdot y_{3}\cdot y_{2}\cdot y_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03f18d041b2df30adef07164dbf285878893dedc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist also eine Lösung des Problemfalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Als Dominofolge: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{101}}\ {\frac {011}{11}}\ {\frac {10}{00}}\ {\frac {011}{11}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>101</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>011</mn>
<mn>11</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>10</mn>
<mn>00</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>011</mn>
<mn>11</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{101}}\ {\frac {011}{11}}\ {\frac {10}{00}}\ {\frac {011}{11}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6cd35198d4d62d315587ec985bf92ab3398fdbad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.873ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{101}}\ {\frac {011}{11}}\ {\frac {10}{00}}\ {\frac {011}{11}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Bemerkungen dazu:
</p><p>Natürlich bildet jede Verkettung zweier Lösungen oder einer Lösung mit sich selbst wieder eine Lösung. Man kann also fragen, ob eine Lösung aus kürzeren Lösungen zusammengesetzt ist.
Die Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1,3,2,3)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1,3,2,3)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc3e122e93b22c9707b90c910828c38c7dece24b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.561ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1,3,2,3)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nicht aus kürzeren Lösungen zusammengesetzt: sie ist primitiv.
Manchmal gibt es mehrere primitive Lösungen, nicht jedoch in diesem Beispiel.
</p><p>Das Beispiel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> erweckt vielleicht den Eindruck, dass das Postsche Korrespondenzproblem gar nicht so schwierig ist. Es gibt jedoch auch Problemfälle, die nur sehr lange Lösungen haben.
</p><p>Hierzu ein Beispiel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87858df7457aa93caaef5a316db87a7240cc8c29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.x_{1}=001\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>001</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.x_{1}=001\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b8924fe7f549428fbe4634711d1e5cf825de5da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.617ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.x_{1}=001\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.x_{2}=01\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.x_{2}=01\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36b11664f1c6e63915a45f8fb96c038d95d7f4e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.454ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.x_{2}=01\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.x_{3}=01\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.x_{3}=01\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd515a2dff2d6f372f8e52c122b8cbfeb73b03d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.454ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.x_{3}=01\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.x_{4}=10\right.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.x_{4}=10\right.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f0e968bc8749cba7681f481db037a1b10bd8220.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.807ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.x_{4}=10\right.}" loading="lazy"></span><br>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.y_{1}=0\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.y_{1}=0\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0112b0ec34850850abd3549a2c2dbef58360a0a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.101ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.y_{1}=0\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.y_{2}=011\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>011</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.y_{2}=011\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ea82fd8e0ab87f37ab63c0de4b8cec9873f000e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.426ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.y_{2}=011\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.y_{3}=101\right.,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>101</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.y_{3}=101\right.,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37cd1aaaafa489437e587492729d5bea9c4be3e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.426ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.y_{3}=101\right.,}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.y_{4}=001\right.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>001</mn>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.y_{4}=001\right.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2e08341e038e2e51daeb3719a1bd9f844f742d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.779ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.y_{4}=001\right.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Eine kürzeste Lösung besteht schon aus 66 Paaren:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{1}=(2,4,3,4,4,2,1,2,4,3,4,3,4,4,3,4,4,2,1,4,4,2,1,3,4,1,1,3,4,4,4,2,1,2,1,1,1,3,4,3,4,1,2,1,4,4,2,1,4,1,1,3,4,1,1,3,1,1,3,1,2,1,4,1,1,3)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{1}=(2,4,3,4,4,2,1,2,4,3,4,3,4,4,3,4,4,2,1,4,4,2,1,3,4,1,1,3,4,4,4,2,1,2,1,1,1,3,4,3,4,1,2,1,4,4,2,1,4,1,1,3,4,1,1,3,1,1,3,1,2,1,4,1,1,3)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5070f754000b5f16dcbb4544b06fabb0325e698d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:150.913ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{1}=(2,4,3,4,4,2,1,2,4,3,4,3,4,4,3,4,4,2,1,4,4,2,1,3,4,1,1,3,4,4,4,2,1,2,1,1,1,3,4,3,4,1,2,1,4,4,2,1,4,1,1,3,4,1,1,3,1,1,3,1,2,1,4,1,1,3)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>An dieser Lösung kann man leicht die Komplexität des Problems erkennen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grenzen_zwischen_Entscheidbarkeit_und_Unentscheidbarkeit">Grenzen zwischen Entscheidbarkeit und Unentscheidbarkeit</h2></div>
<p>Durch systematisches Ausprobieren lässt sich eine Lösung nach endlicher Zeit finden, sofern es eine gibt. Das PKP ist somit ein <a href="Semi-entscheidbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-entscheidbar">semi-entscheidbares</a> Problem.
Wenn es jedoch keine Lösung gibt, wird dieser Algorithmus nicht <a href="Terminiertheit" title="Terminiertheit">terminieren</a>. Der Nachweis, dass es kein Entscheidungsverfahren für PKP gibt, kann durch eine Reduktion des <a href="Halteproblem" title="Halteproblem">Halteproblems</a> auf eine Variante des Korrespondenzproblems erbracht werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonderfälle"><span id="Sonderf.C3.A4lle"></span>Sonderfälle</h3></div>
<p>Durch Einschränkung des Alphabets wird das Problem „einfacher“.
</p><p>Lässt man nur Wortpaare über einem einelementigen Alphabet zu, dann wird aus dem PKP ein entscheidbares Problem. Das PKP eingeschränkt auf ein zweielementiges Alphabet dagegen bleibt unentscheidbar, denn ein beliebiges Alphabet kann in einem zweielementigen Alphabet kodiert werden.
</p><p>Man kann auch die Größe einschränken, das heißt die Anzahl der Paare in den Problemfällen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span>. Für die <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Größen 1</span> und 2 wird das PKP entscheidbar.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Größe 5 reicht aus für Unentscheidbarkeit.<sup id="cite_ref-Neary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ob für die <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Größe 3 oder 4</span> das PKP entscheidbar ist oder nicht, ist noch ungeklärt.
</p><p>Außerdem gilt: Wenn in allen Paaren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}=\left(x_{i},y_{i}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}=\left(x_{i},y_{i}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6a32847217bb45cb67d0860d5d0730622fcd1fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:12.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}=\left(x_{i},y_{i}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> die erste Komponente länger bzw. kürzer als die zweite ist <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall i\colon \left|x_{i}\right|>\left|y_{i}\right|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall i\colon \left|x_{i}\right|&gt;\left|y_{i}\right|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c9028224dc56bf6d57a08f01cbfde62c65073b65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.883ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall i\colon \left|x_{i}\right|>\left|y_{i}\right|}" loading="lazy"></span></span> oder <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall i\colon \left|x_{i}\right|<\left|y_{i}\right|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall i\colon \left|x_{i}\right|&lt;\left|y_{i}\right|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e115cd2babb1ef780d3997917572561d121ba812.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.883ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall i\colon \left|x_{i}\right|<\left|y_{i}\right|}" loading="lazy"></span>),</span> ist die Instanz unlösbar. Dasselbe gilt, wenn ein Symbol nur in den ersten oder nur in den zweiten Komponenten vorkommt oder wenn es kein Paar gibt, das „gleich beginnt“ oder „gleich endet“ (<a href="Wort_(Theoretische_Informatik)#Präfix" class="mw-redirect" title="Wort (Theoretische Informatik)">Präfixe</a>, <a href="Wort_(Theoretische_Informatik)#Suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Wort (Theoretische Informatik)">Suffixe</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2></div>
<p>Nach einer Idee von Steffen Lange im Jahr 2011 kann das Postsche Korrespondenzproblem als Ausgangspunkt für eine <a href="Domino" title="Domino">dominoartige</a> Spiele-Familie, die sogenannten PCP-Spiele, dienen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Wang-Parkettierung" title="Wang-Parkettierung">Wang-Parkettierung</a><sup id="cite_ref-Neary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Andrzej_Ehrenfeucht" title="Andrzej Ehrenfeucht">Andrzej Ehrenfeucht</a>, G. Rozenberg: <cite style="font-style:italic">On the (Generalized) Post Correspondence Problem with Lists of Length 2</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc. 8th Int. Coll. Automata, Languages, and Programming</cite>. LNCS 115. Springer, 1981, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>219–234</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Postsches+Korrespondenzproblem&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+%28Generalized%29+Post+Correspondence+Problem+with+Lists+of+Length+2&amp;rft.au=Andrzej+Ehrenfeucht%2C+G.+Rozenberg&amp;rft.btitle=Proc.+8th+Int.+Coll.+Automata%2C+Languages%2C+and+Programming&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=219-234&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.volume=LNCS+115" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Neary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Neary_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Neary_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Turlough Neary: <cite style="font-style:italic">Undecidability in Binary Tag Systems and the Post Correspondence Problem for Five Pairs of Words</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2015)</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)</cite>). <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>30</span>. Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany 2015, ISBN 978-3-939897-78-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>649–661</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2015.649">10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2015.649</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2015/4948/">dagstuhl.de</a> [abgerufen am 18.&nbsp;Februar 2019]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Postsches+Korrespondenzproblem&amp;rft.atitle=Undecidability+in+Binary+Tag+Systems+and+the+Post+Correspondence+Problem+for+Five+Pairs+of+Words&amp;rft.au=Turlough+Neary&amp;rft.btitle=32nd+International+Symposium+on+Theoretical+Aspects+of+Computer+Science+%28STACS+2015%29&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.doi=10.4230%2FLIPIcs.STACS.2015.649&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783939897781&amp;rft.pages=649-661&amp;rft.place=Dagstuhl%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pub=Schloss+Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum+fuer+Informatik&amp;rft.series=Leibniz+International+Proceedings+in+Informatics+%28LIPIcs%29&amp;rft.volume=30" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Klaus_Peter_Jantke" title="Klaus Peter Jantke">Klaus Peter Jantke</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297212574_PCP-Spiele">PCP-Spiele</a></i>, 2016, Technical Report KiMeRe-2012-04, Abteilung Kindermedien des <a href="Fraunhofer-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Digitale_Medientechnologie" title="Fraunhofer-Institut für Digitale Medientechnologie">Fraunhofer-Institut für Digitale Medientechnologie</a> IDMT</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamesvanboxtel.com/projects/pcp-solver/">Online-PCP Lösungstool</a></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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